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Russian influence operations in Estonia
According to the Estonian Internal Security Service, Russian influence operations in Estonia form a complex system of financial, political, economic and espionage activities in Republic of Estonia for the purposes of influencing Estonia's political and economic decisions in ways considered favourable to Russian Federation and conducted under the doctrine of ''near abroad''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Estonian Internal Security Service )〕 The Russian government has actively pursued the imposition of a dependent relationship upon the Baltic states, with the desire to remain the region's dominant actor and political arbiter, continuing the Soviet pattern of hegemonic relations with these small neighbouring states. According to the Centre for Geopolitical Studies, the Russian information campaign which the centre characterises as a "real mud throwing" exercise, has provoked a split in Estonian society amongst Russian speakers, inciting some to riot over the relocation of the Bronze Soldier. The 2007 cyberattacks on Estonia is considered to be an information operation against Estonia, with the intent to influence the decisions and actions of the Estonian government; while Russia denies any direct involvement in the attacks, hostile rhetoric from the political elite via the media influenced people to attack.〔Rain Ottis, ''Analysis of the 2007 Cyber Attacks Against Estonia from the Information Warfare Perpectve'', Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Information Warfare, Academic Conferences Limited〕
== Nature of influence operations ==
According to Mariusz Nogaj, influence operations are orchestrated through the insertion of specific press articles in foreign newspapers, sponsoring NGOs or informal groups (activists and youth groups), or so called black public relations.〔Mariusz Nogaj, ''Russia - A New Empire under construction: the Russian policy towards former communist satellites - mechanisms of exertion of influence'', Naval Postgraduate School, 2008〕
Richard H. Schultz and Roy Godson contend that "an agent of influence may be a journalist, a government official, a labor leader, an academic, an opinion leader, an artist, or involved in one of a number of other professions. The main objective of an influence operation is the use of the agent’s position - be it in government, politics, labor, journalism, or some other field to support and promote political conditions desired by the sponsoring foreign power".〔Richard H. Schultz and Roy Godson, ''Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy'' (New York: Pergamon Brassey’s, 1984), p133.〕
In relation to Russia's influence operation in regard to NATO accession by Estonia and the other Eastern European states, Janusz Bugajski noted "Regular propaganda attacks by Russia’s state media outlets are supplemented by more systematic disinformation campaign in familiar KGB style operations. These have targeted particular government, specific politicians, or pro-Western political parties in nearby states. These targets are depicted as dangerously ‘Russophobic’ and thus their inclusion NATO would allegedly poison the West’s relations with Russia and introduce unstable states into the Alliance. The Russian press has frequently cited U.S. and European commentators who speak out against NATO enlargement on the grounds that it will undermine relations with Moscow by making the Alliance more anti-Russian."〔Janusz Bugajski, ''Cold Peace: Russia’s New Imperialism''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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